一、被動語態:
1. 語態可分為[主動語態]、[被動語態]。
2. 主動語態中,動詞是由主動產生的;被動語態中,主詞是承受動作發生的人、事、物。
┌主動語態:主詞是[產生]動作者。
└被動語態:主詞是[接受]動作者。
主詞語態〉Dad mopped floor.
被動語態〉The floor was mopped.
被動語態〉The table was wiped this morning.
被動語態〉The picture was painted just now.
二、一般動詞的被動語態:
1. 基本句型:S. + beV. + P.P. ( + by + O.)
〉The car was washed by Dad this morning.
〉The cake was made by Mom.
2. 被動語態中,如需說明是誰做了此動作,則在人名前加上by;如果做動作者非強調重點,則「by + 生產動作說明」。
〉The story is written in English.
〉The story was written by Mark Twain.
3. 主動語態改為被動語態的方法:
主動語態:[1.S.] + [2.V.] + [3.O.]
被動語態:[3.S.] + [2.beV + P.P.] + [by + O.]
主動語態的句子〉I ate the apple.
改成被動語態的句子〉The apple was eaten by me.
4. 要形成被動語態的否定句,只需要在be動詞之後加上not。
主詞語態:The man didn't eat the cake.
被動語態:The cake wasn't eaten by the man.
5.要形成被動語態的疑問句,只需要將be動詞移到聚首。
〉Were these novels borrowed from Janice?
三、含住動詞的被動語態:
1. 基本句型:S. + Aux. + be + P.P. (+ by + O.)
〉The living room should be cleaned today.
〉The birthday party for James will be planned by us.
→[主動語態] We will plan the birthday party for James.
2. 在被動語態中,如須說明是誰做了此動作,則在人名前加上by;如果動作者非強調重點,則「by + 產生動作者」可省略不提。
〉The story is written in English.
〉The story was written by Mark Twin.
3. 主動語態: 主詞 + 一般動詞 + 受詞
被動語態: 主詞 + be動詞 + p.p. + by + 受詞
Example:
主動語態:I ate the apple.
改成被動語態的步驟:
a. 先將原本的受詞the apple改為主詞。
b. 在將動詞ate改為「be動詞 + p.p.」的型態:
(1). 由於ate式過去式,因此be動詞也要選用過去式:was 或 were。
(2). 因為主詞the apple式單數,所以be動詞也要選用單數的 was。
(3). ate是eat的過去式,其過去分詞為eaten。
形成被動語態:The apple was eaten by me.
4. 要形成被動語態否定句,只需在be動詞之後加上not。
主動語態:The man didn't eat the cake.
被動語態:The cake wasn't eaten by the man.
5. 要形成被動語態的疑問句,只需將be動詞移到句首。
〉Were those novels borrowed from Tony?
三、含助動詞的被動語態:
1. 基本句型:主詞 + 助動詞 + be動詞 + p.p. (+ by + 受詞).
〉The living room should be cleaned today.
〉The birthday party for James will be planned by us.
→本句的主動句型為:We will plan the birthday party for James.
2. 主動語態改為被動語態的方法:
主動語態: 主詞 + 助動詞 + 一般動詞 + 受詞.
被動語態: 主詞 + 助動詞 + be動詞 + p.p. + by + 受詞.
〉主動語態的句子:He can finish the work. 改為被動語態的步驟:
a. 先將原本的受詞the work改為主詞。
b. 保留住動詞can。
c. 在將動詞finish改為「be動詞 + p.p.」的行式:
(1). 已經有助動詞can,因此be動詞要選用原形:be。
(2). finish的過去分詞為規則變化:finished。
d. 最後將主詞he改為受詞him,並在受詞前加上by。形成被動語態的句子:
The work can be finished by him.
3. 要形成被動語態的否定句,只需在助動詞後,be動詞之前加上not。
主動語態: We may leave the book here.
被動語態否定句: The book may not be left here (by us).
4. 要行程被動語態的否定句,只須將助動詞移到句首。
〉Should the environment be protected by us?
四、完成式的被動語態:
基本句型:主詞 + have/has + been + p.p. (+ by + 受詞)
〉Batteries have been prepared.
〉The bridge has been destroyed by a strong typhoon.
→本句的主詞句型為:A strong typhoon has destroyed the bridge.
五、現在與過去進行式的被動語態;
基本句型:主詞 + be動詞(am/are/is/was/were) + being + p.p. (+ by + 受詞).
〉The comic book
is being read by Lucy right now.
→本句的主動語態:Lucy is reading the comic book right now.
〉The meal was being prepared when I arrived.
六、授與動詞的被動語態:
授與動詞,如:buy、give、send、write...等,因為會有兩個受詞,因此會有兩種被動語態:
主動語態:Ann gave him a shirt.
被動語態:A shirt was given to him by Ann.
He was given a shirt by Ann.
縮寫:
S. :主詞、V. :動詞、beV. :be動詞、O. :受詞、C. :補語、P.P. :過去分詞
Aux. :助動詞、Adj. :形容詞、Adv. :副詞、PV:片語動詞、VP:動詞片語、nc.:可數名詞、pron.:代名詞、phr.:片語